Review Essay

• Mälksoo, Lauri

Abstract

This review essay examines the main breaks and continuities in the history of international legal theory in Russia. In particular, it draws on works by leading Russian international law scholars: Peter Pavlovich Shafirov (1670–1739), Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909), Baron Mikhail Taube (1869–1956), Vladimir Emmanuilovich Hrabar (1865–1956), Fyodor Ivanovich Kozhevnikov (1893–1998) and Grigori Ivanovich Tunkin (1906–1993). The reception of these theoreticians’ works in today's Russia is also examined. The history of the discipline in Russia opens itself up as a civilizational dialogue with (Western) Europe. The main questions have been: Is international law universal or fragmented; what is the progressive force in international law? The Russian theory of international law has moved from proving that ‘we too are civilized/European’ in the early 18th century to an aspiration towards Western European civilization in the 18th and 19th centuries to the break with the West and an affirmation of Russia's own distinctiveness and primacy in the 20th century. Those who hurriedly celebrated Russia's reunion with Europe (and Western liberal theory of international law) following the end of the Cold War should not lose sight of the longer historical perspective and especially the experiment of the ‘civilizing’/Europeanizing/liberalizing project in 19th century Russian and Baltic German international law scholarship.